This is the second in a series of seven articles prepared by HFW (Holman Fenwick Willan) which answer frequently asked questions concerning Chinese investment in Australia’s mining sector.

In this article, we will look at the typical business structures for Chinese companies investing in Australia’s mining sector:

• Unincorporated joint venture
• Incorporated joint venture
• Australian subsidiary company
• Australian branch of foreign company
• Acquiring shares in an Australian company.

Unincorporated Joint Venture (UJV)
A vast majority of mining projects in Australia take this form. An unincorporated joint venture is a contractual relationship between two or more separate participants working together on a specific project for a limited period. It is usually governed by a joint venture agreement which sets out the rights and obligations of each participant.

UJVs are used in mining projects primarily because:

• Profit distribution – Each participant is entitled to separately take and dispose of its percentage share of the products produced by the joint venture rather than taking a share in profits.
• Finance - Each participant can finance its participation in the joint venture in the manner most convenient to it.
• Tax – Each participant is treated independently for tax purposes, allowing it to achieve an optimum use of available tax concessions.
• Accounting - Each participant can treat its interest in the joint venture assets in accordance with its preferred accounting procedures.

Incorporated Joint Ventures (IJV)
An IJV is an association of participants formed for the purposes of undertaking one or more mining projects with a view to mutual profit. It is an incorporated entity separate and distinct from its participants and is usually governed by a shareholders’ agreement and a company constitution.

An IJV offers the following advantages to the participants:

• Limiting liability - Each participant’s liability is limited to the share capital contributed by it.
• Profit distribution - Each participant will receive dividends out of the profits derived by the IVJ (rather than proceeds from the sale of mining products).
• Finance - Lenders are more comfortable in providing finance, as security can be given over all of the IJV assets.
• Familiarity - The participants usually understand and are familiar with the operation of a corporate vehicle. An IJV bears the characteristics of any other Australian company and is subject to the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth).
• Transfer - A transfer of a participant’s interest in the IJV usually involves a transfer of shares which attracts stamp duty at a lower rate than that applicable to transfer of other property. This lower rate of stamp duty will not apply if the IJV is a land rich company.
• Taxation: Income of IJV is taxed at the company rate (30%) before profits are distributed to the participants.

Australian companies
The most common type of subsidiary set up by a Chinese company in Australia is a company limited by shares, which may be either a proprietary (private) company or a public company. A proprietary company is further classified into a small proprietary company or a large proprietary company, depending on the number of its subsidiaries and the amount of its revenue and gross assets. A small proprietary company has reduced reporting obligations and is simple to administer. A proprietary company must have at least one director and that director must ordinarily reside in Australia.

Australian branches of foreign companies
Alternatively, a Chinese company may wish to use a foreign company to carry on its mining activities in Australia. In this case, the foreign company must be registered with the Australian Securities & Investments Commission (ASIC) and must appoint at least one local agent. The local agent is required to do everything that the foreign company is required to do by the Corporations Act and may be personally liable to a penalty imposed on the foreign company for a contravention of the Corporations Act. Once registered, the foreign company is required to lodge copies of its financial statements and comply with various notification obligations under the Corporations Act.

Acquiring shares in Australian company
An alternative to establishing an IJV, UJV, subsidiary company or branch may be to acquire the shares in, or the assets of, an existing Australian company. When doing so, Chinese companies should be aware of the takeover legislation, which generally applies to the acquisition of control over the voting shares or interests in a listed company, a listed body corporate, a listed managed investment scheme or an unlisted company with more than 50 shareholders. An acquisition of 20% or more of the shares of a listed Australian company (or any increase in an existing shareholding greater than 20% but below 90%) will generally require the bidder to make a takeover bid for all of the shares of the company, unless the acquisition is made under one of the permitted exceptions.

HFW is a law firm advising businesses engaged in international commerce.

For more information, please contact: James Donoghue, Partner, on +61 8 9422 4705 or [email protected] hfw.com; Connie Chen, Special Counsel, on +61 2 9320 4616 or connie. [email protected]

Disclaimer: Whilst every care has been taken to ensure the accuracy of this information at the time of publication, the information is intended as guidance only. It should not be considered as legal advice. For link to the first article on ‘Australian’s Foreign Investment Notification Regime’, please see ASIA Miner, September/October 2013 (Volume 11, Issue 5).